User:Jason Rees/Fiji TCs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fiji is an island nation located within Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 kilometres (1245 mi) to the northeast of New Zealand and is neighboured by Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Tonga, the Samoan Islands, Wallis and Futuna and Tuvalu. The archipelago consists of 330 islands and 550 islets which include Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and the Lau Islands. Tropical cyclones have been known about and feared for centuries, with knowledge of such systems passed on through traditional myths and legends. Europeans were the first

Collectively the xxx systems have caused at least $ US in damages and at least xxx deaths. The strongest and most damaging of these systems was Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston, which passed over the islands as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone where it caused 44 deaths and $1.4 billion in damages.

Tropical cyclones are the most serious natural hazard that Fiji experiences in terms of total damages and economic loss, with the island nation directly impacted by an average of 10 – 12 tropical cyclones during a decade or at least 1 – 2 tropical cyclones each season. Since 1643, at least 300 possible tropical cyclones have affected the Fijian Islands in the south Pacific Ocean. They generally impact the country during the cyclone season between November and the following April, however, systems have impacted the island nation outside of these times. However, there have been at least 14 seasons where no direct impacts to Fiji have been recorded, while five named systems impacted the island nation during the 1992–93 season.

The effects of tropical cyclones on the island nation are most significant at the coast, however, as Fiji is a small country, the whole island nation can be severely impacted by widespread flooding, landslides and storm–force winds. The frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones impacting Fiji is one of the major barriers, to the island nations economic growth and development. The average annual losses to assets from tropical cyclones amount to about FJ$152 million or about 1.6% of the island nations gross domestic product. The worst tropical cyclone on record to impact Fiji was Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston which caused 44 deaths and an estimated 2 billion FJ$ (0.9 billion US$) in damage. The deadliest tropical cyclone was the February 1931 hurricane and flood which caused 225 deaths.

Background[edit]

The Republic of Fiji is a former British colony located within the South Pacific Ocean, about 2000 kilometres (1245 mi) to the northeast of New Zealand's North Island. The island nation consists of over 330 islands, as well as, over 500 islets and extends from Rotuma in the far north to Ono–i–Lau in the south as well as from Viwa in the west across the 180th meridian to Vatoa in the east. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Tonga, to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast, and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji's tropical cyclone season starts on November 1 and runs through until April 30 of the following year, however, tropical cyclones have impacted the islands outside of this period.[1] On average one to three tropical cyclones directly impact the archipelago every year, however, during some seasons such as the 1997–98 and seasons, no tropical cyclones directly impact the archipelago.[1]

When a tropical cyclone is forecast to impact Fiji, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) issues special weather bulletins, which contain either a tropical cyclone alert or gale, storm and hurricane warnings for various islands.




Tropical cyclones are the most serious natural hazard that Fiji experiences in terms of total damage and economic loss, with the island nation directly impacted by an average of 10 – 12 tropical cyclones during a decade or at least 1 – 2 tropical cyclones each season.[2][3] They generally impact the country during the cyclone season between November and the following April, however, systems have impacted the island nation outside of these times.[3] However, there have been at least 14 seasons where no direct impacts to Fiji have been recorded, while five named systems impacted the island nation during the 1992–93 season.[3] The effects of tropical cyclones on Fiji are most significant at the coast, however, as Fiji is a small country, the whole island nation can be severely impacted by widespread flooding, landslides and storm–force winds.[3] The frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones impacting Fiji is one of the major barriers, to the island nations economic growth and development.[3] The average annual losses to assets from tropical cyclones amount to about FJ$152 million or about 1.6% of the island nations gross domestic product.[3] The worst tropical cyclone on record to impact Fiji was Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston which caused 44 deaths and an estimated 2 billion FJ$ (0.9 billion US$) in damage.[3] The deadliest tropical cyclone was the February 1931 hurricane and flood which caused 225 deaths.[4]


During December 2020, the Fijian Prime Minster Frank Bainimarama declared a climate emergency, after 12 tropical cyclones had directly impacted Fiji since Severe Tropical Cyclone Evan in 2012.[5]

Weather Service[edit]

After declaring it's independence from the British Empire in 1970, the government accepted responsibility for operating its own MetService on behalf of the South Pacific Air Transport Council from July 1975.

A=[edit]

Systems[edit]

1830[edit]

  • March 21 – 22, 1831 – Two ships were wrecked as a tropical cyclone impacted eastern Viti Levu and Vanua Levu.[6][7]
  • February & March 1839 – Two tropical cyclones in quick succession caused serious damage to Fiji's Windward Islands.[6]

1840[edit]

  • February 22 – 25, 1840 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and the Cook Islands.[6][8][9]
  • February 22–27, 1840 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Fijian island of Viti Levu, where heavy rain caused flooding which inundated several homes within the Rewa Province.[9]
  • March 1840 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Fijian province of Macuata, where crops were reportedly damaged.[6][7]
  • January 22 – 24, 1842 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's Lau Islands where severe damage was recorded.[6][7]
  • March 13, 1844 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.[6]
  • January 13 – 16, 1848 – A tropical cyclone caused a severe flood as it impacted Fiji's Vanua Levu.[9][10]
  • April 5 – 8, 1848 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[10]

1850[edit]

  • March 17, 1854 – A tropical cyclone impacted Western Fiji.[6][7]
  • March 1856 – A tropical cyclone impacted northern Fiji and caused severe damage.[7]

1860's[edit]

  • March 29, 1864 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Lau Islands, where a ship was lost.[7]
  • January 7 – 8, 1866 – A tropical cyclone passed in between Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, where it caused widespread damage on both islands.[7][6][9]
  • March 10 – 12, 1866 – A tropical cyclone passed in between Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, where food gardens and coffee plantations were covered in silt.[8]
  • March 1869 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Fijian island of Viti Levu, where it caused several deaths and widespread devastation.[6]
  • March 1869 – A tropical cyclone impacted Navua where it left the land nearly smooth, with 12 in (0.30 m) of deposit in some places.[8]

1870s[edit]

  • March 20 – 21, 1871 – Several people died in the Ba River, as a tropical cyclone impacted the whole of Fiji.[8]
  • March 30, 1871 – A tropical cyclone impacted the whole archipelago, where it caused strong winds and heavy rain.[7]
  • January 3 – 7, 1873 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7][11]
  • December 30, 1873 – A tropical cyclone impacted Western Vanua Levu, where it caused a moderate amount of damage and a serious loss to shipping.[7]
  • February 15, 1874 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 4 – 7, 1875 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 12 – 20, 1875 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 12 – 13, 1875 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[11]
  • January 10, 1876 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[11]
  • March 16, 1876 – A tropical cyclone impacted the northeastern coast of Viti Levu and passed to the south of Levuka.[11]
  • March 31, 1877 – A tropical cyclone impacted the island nation.[11]
  • December 11 – 12, 1879 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[11]

1880's[edit]

  • January 21 – 26, 1880 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 2, 1881 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 21, 1881 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanua Levu and Levuka.[11]
  • December 31, 1881 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 12, 1883 - A tropical cyclone caused some damage to plantations and houses in eastern Fiji and on Taveuni.[6]
  • February 24, 1883 – A tropical cyclone caused two fatalities and a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 12 – 20, 1883 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 27, 1883 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 9, 1884 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 3 – 4, 1886 – A tropical cyclone wrecked 50 vessels, caused 64 deaths and severe damage to the island nation.[6]

1890's[edit]

  • January 6 – 7, 1895 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[11]
  • December 31, 1899 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]

1900's[edit]

  • January 21, 1904 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 21 – 22, 1904 – A tropical cyclone caused flooding to be reported in the Ba and Rewa Rivers.[8]
  • January 20, 1905 – A tropical cyclone moved across Fiji.[11]
  • March 23, 1908 – A tropical cyclone impacted the island nation where it caused two fatalities.[8]
  • March 25, 1909 – A tropical cyclone impacted the whole of Fiji.[11]

1910's[edit]

  • March 24 – 25, 1910 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation as it passed through the Lau Islands, Vanua Levu and Viti Levu.[7][8]
  • January 28 – 29, 1912 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 18, 1913 – A tropical cyclone impacted Lower Rewa, Suva and Navau.[12]
  • April 16, 1913 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the Lau Islands.[7]
  • March 28, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted central Fiji, Taveuni and the Lau group of islands.[11]

1920's[edit]

  • February 10 – 16, 1923 – One or two tropical cyclones had a minor impact on the island nation, as they moved south-eastwards from New Caledonia.[6][13]
  • March 15, 1923 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to Munia in the Lau Islands as it impacted islands in the eastern division.[6]
  • November 27, 1923 – Gale force winds were reported in Suva and the schooner "Wave" was blown ashore, as a tropical cyclone had a minor impact on Fiji.[13]
  • December 13, 1923 – A tropical cyclone had a minor impact on the island nation.[13]
  • May 6, 1926 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation, while the trading cutter "Minnie Ada" was wrecked.[13]
  • January 18 – 22, 1929 – A tropical cyclone caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[13]
  • February 18 – 19, 1929 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • November 28, 1929 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 10 – 13, 1929 – A tropical cyclone caused 12 deaths and severe damage to the island nation.[13]

1930's[edit]

  • January 11 – 12, 1930 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • November 30, 1930 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 16 – March 3, 1931 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • April 7 – 8, 1931 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 19, 1936 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 14 – 15, 1936 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 24 – 27, 1938 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 21 – 22, 1938 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 17 – 19, 1939 – A tropical cyclone caused moderate damage to the island nation.[7]
  • April 3 – 6, 1939 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 28, 1939 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation, as it passed over western parts of Viti Levu.[7][14]

1940's[edit]

  • February 20, 1941 – A tropical cyclone moved west–southwest over eastern Viti Levu and caused severe damage as it passed near or over the capital city Suva.[14] The system was subsequently classified as one of Fiji's worst tropical cyclones on record.[14]
  • April 27, 1941 – A tropical cyclone caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation as it passed to the east of Vanua Levu and through the Lau Islands.[14]
  • December 26, 1941 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation as it moved through the Bligh Waters and the Lau Islands.[14]
  • January 1, l943 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 17, 1943 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation as it moved south-westwards through the Lau Islands.[14]
  • January 8 – 10, 1944 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to the island nation, as it moved erratically to the west and south of Viti Levu.[14]
  • March 18 – 19, 1944 – A tropical cyclone caused gales to be reported but only minimal damage to be reported across the island nation.[7][14]
  • February 3 – 8, 1948 – A tropical cyclone caused a moderate to severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 7nbsp;– 8, 1948 – A tropical cyclone caused a moderate to severe amount of damage to the island nation.[14]

1950's[edit]

  • February 2, 1950 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage and gale force winds, as it moved south–westwards through the northern Lau Islands during February 2, 1950.[15]
  • February 25 – 27, 1950 – A tropical cyclone caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 30, 1950 – A tropical cyclone caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 24, 1952 – A tropical cyclone caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 28, 1952 – A tropical cyclone caused a severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 15, 1954 – A tropical cyclone caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 27 – 28, 1955 – A tropical cyclone caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 30 – 31, 1956 – A tropical cyclone caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 16, 1956 – A tropical cyclone caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 25, 1956 - A tropical cyclone a minor to moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 6, 1956 - A tropical cyclone caused a minor to moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 26, 1957 – A tropical cyclone caused a moderate to severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • April 9, 1958 – A tropical cyclone caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 2 – 3, 1958 – Tropical Cyclone Aurelia caused a severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 30, 1959 – A tropical cyclone caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]

1960's[edit]

  • November 22 – 23, 1964 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to coconut trees and houses in the Lau Islands.[16]
  • December 6 – 7, 1964 – A tropical cyclone caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 21, 1964 – A tropical cyclone caused a moderate to severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 6 – 9, 1965 – A tropical cyclone caused a severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 26 – 27, 1966 – A tropical cyclone caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[16]
  • December 4 – 5, 1966 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to banana trees and bures, as it moved southeastwards over Viti Levu and the Southern Lau Islands.[16]
  • April 9 – 10, 1967 – A tropical cyclone caused a severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7][16]
  • February 25 – 26, 1969 – A tropical cyclone caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[16]

1970's[edit]

  • January 11, 1970 – A tropical depression caused gale force winds and minor damage in various parts of Fiji, including on the islands of Taveuni and Vanua Levu.[7][17]
  • October 29 – 30, 1970 – Tropical Depression Nora caused minor damage and gale–force winds to be reported in parts of the island nation.[7][17]
  • December 17 – 18, 1970 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Priscilla caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 8, 1971 – Tropical Cyclone Thelma impacted Western and Southwestern Fiji and caused flooding in Ba.[9]
  • October 23 - 29, 1972 - Severe Tropical Cyclone Bebe caused a severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 2, 1973 - Tropical Cyclone Henrietta caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • April 3 - 4, 1973 - Tropical Cyclone Juliette caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 9 - 10, 1973 - Severe Tropical Cyclone Natalie-Lottie caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • April 24, 1975 - Tropical Cyclone Tina caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 31 - February 2, 1975 - Tropical Cyclone Val caused a severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • April 5 - 6, 1975 - Tropical Cyclone Betty caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • December 25 - 26, 1977 - Tropical Cyclone Anne caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 4 - 5, 1978 - Tropical Cyclone Bob caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • February 18  19, 1978 - Tropical Cyclone Ernie caused gale to storm force winds and minor damage to parts of the northern division.[7][17]
  • December 29 - 30, 1978 - Tropical Cyclone Fay caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 26 - 28, 1979 - Severe Tropical Cyclone Meli caused a severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]

1980's[edit]

  • January 2 – 5, 1980 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Peni caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • March 24, 1980 – Tropical Cyclone Tia caused a moderate amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • April 3 – 4, 1980 – Tropical Cyclone Wally caused a severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 13 – 16, 1981 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Arthur caused a severe amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • January 1982 – Tropical Cyclone Hettie caused a minor amount of damage to the island nation.[7]
  • MARK
  • February 26 – March 2, 1983 – Oscar
  • March 25–28, 1983 – Sarah
  • March 16–19, 1984 – Cyril – Flooding
  • UNNAMED–2
  • January 14–19 – Eric
  • January 16–20 – Nigel
  • March 3 – 8, 1985 – Gavin
  • March 10 – 18, 1985 – Hina
  • ALFRED
  • KELI
  • MARTIN
  • OSEA
  • December 24, 1986 – Tropical Cyclone Raja passed to the west of Rotuma where it caused gale-force winds and extensive damage to houses, vehicles, coastal roads and crops.[18]
  • December 24 – 30, 1986 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Raja impacted the island nation and was responsible for FJ$16 million (FJ$14 million) in damages, one death and the worst flood of the Labasa River since 1929.
  • VELI
  • BOLA
  • December 22–27 – Tropical Cyclone Eseta caused strong gusty winds and prolonged heavy rainfall over the Fiji Islands between , with Nadi airport reporting sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and wind gusts of 58 mph (95 km/h).[19] The heavy rain lead to flooding over various parts of the island nation, with minor damage to roads and crops reported.[9]
  • KERRY
  • UNNAMED–1
  • RAE

1990's[edit]

1990–91[edit]

  • Sina

1991–92[edit]

  • March 5 – 8, 1992 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Fran was estimated to have caused a minor amount of damage as it passed to the north of Vanua Levu, however, the Fijian government did not formally assess the damage.[20][21]

1992–93[edit]

  • Joni
  • Kina
  • February 6 – 8, 1993 – Tropical Cyclone Mick passed near or over Ono–i–Lau in the Southern Lau Islands, where it caused no deaths and a minimal amount of damage.[22]
  • Oli

1993–94[edit]

  • March 23 – 25, 1994 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Tomas brushed the island nation with average winds of 35 km/h (25 mph) and a wind gust of 85 km/h (50 mph) reported at Yasawa-i-Rara in the Yasawa Islands.[23]

1994–95[edit]

  • November 10 – 19, 1994 – Tropical Cyclone Vania brought heavy rain to the island nation, which was responsible for severe flooding within Tailevu Province, which in turn caused over 100 hectares (250 acres) of crops to be damaged and the deaths of a significant amount of farm animals.[24][25][26]
  • December 15 – 17, 1994 – Tropical Cyclone 04P passed through the Lau Islands where there were no reports of any casualties, damage or gale–force winds associated with the system, however, several pressures of between 995–1000 hPa (29.38–29.53 inHg) were reported.[27][28]

1995–96[edit]

  • January 12, 1996 – Tropical Cyclone Yasi's precursor tropical depression developed over Vanua Levu and produced significant rainfall over the island nation.[29]
  • February 22 – 23, 1996 – A shallow tropical depression moved just to the northwest of the Yasawa Islands and caused flooding in parts of the island nation.[9]

1996–97[edit]

  • January 19 – February 2, 1997 – Tropical Cyclones Evan, Freda and several other areas of low pressure dominated Fiji's weather.[30]
  • Gavin
  • April 17, 1997 – Tropical Cyclone Ian caused strong and gusty winds over most of the island nation, as it passed about 300 km (185 mi) to the southwest of Nadi.[31]
  • May 3 – 5, 1997 – Tropical Cyclone June impacted the northwestern parts of Fiji with heavy rain and strong winds of up to 100 km/h (60 mph).[32]

1997-98[edit]

1998–99[edit]

2000's[edit]

2010s[edit]

2020's[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b 2020/21 RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Outlook (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. October 15, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  2. ^ The Climate of Fiji (PDF) (Information Sheet: 35). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 28, 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Republic of Fiji: Third National Communication Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (PDF) (Report). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. April 27, 2020. p. 62.
  4. ^ Yeo, Stephen W; Blong, Russell J (2010). "Fiji's worst natural disaster: the 1931 hurricane and flood". Disasters. 34 (3): 657–683. Bibcode:2010Disas..34..657Y. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01163.x. PMID 20298265.
  5. ^ Bainimarama, Frank [@FijiPM] (December 17, 2020). "On this same day in 2012, Fiji was enduring Cyclone Evan. Since then, we've been battered by 12 more cyclones — two of which (Winston and Yasa) are now jockeying for our hemisphere's strongest–ever storm in history. This is not normal. This is a climate emergency" (Tweet). Retrieved January 31, 2021 – via Twitter.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m d’Aubert, AnaMaria; Nunn, Patrick D (20 March 2012). "Database 1: Tropical Cyclones (1558 – 1970)". Furious Winds and Parched Islands: Tropical Cyclones (1558–1970) and Droughts (1722–1987) in the Pacific. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781469170091.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca Campbell, John R (1984). Dealing with disaster: hurricane response in Fiji (PDF). p. 55. ISBN 0866380582. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Gosai, Ashmita; Motilal, Simon (August 15, 2001). Information Sheet No. 125: List of Floods Occuring in the Fiji Islands: 1840 – 2000 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g McGree, Simon; Yeo, Stephen W; Devi, Swastika (October 1, 2010). Flooding in the Fiji Islands between 1840 and 2009 (PDF) (Report). Risk Frontiers. p. 41. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 15, 2024. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  10. ^ a b Visher, Stephen Sargent (1925). "Hurricanes in the Western South Pacific". Bulletin 20: Tropical Cyclones of the Pacific. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. pp. 37–38.hdl:2027/mdp.39015023271763
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gabites, John Fletcher (May 17, 1978). Information Sheet No. 27: Tropical cyclones affecting Fiji: 1840 – 1923 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  12. ^ Knowles, Charles H (1914). Meteorological Observations taken at Suva during 1910 (PDF) (Report). p. 4.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Gabites, John Fletcher (May 17, 1978). Information Sheet No. 28: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1923 – 1939 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gabites, John Fletcher (March 17, 1977). Information Sheet No. 7: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1939/40 – 1948/49 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  15. ^ Gabites, John Fletcher (March 17, 1977). Information Sheet No. 8: Tropical cyclones affecting Fiji: 1949/50 – 1958/59 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  16. ^ a b c d e Gabites, John Fletcher (March 17, 1977). Information Sheet No. 9: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1959/60 to 1968/69 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  17. ^ a b c Waygood, J.L.M. (October 20, 1980). Tropical Cyclones affecting Fiji: November 1969 to April 1980 (Information Sheet No. 59). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  18. ^ Krishna, Ram (January 22, 1987). Tropical Cyclone Report 87/1: Tropical Cyclone Raja (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  19. ^ Prasad Rajendra (1989). DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). Tropical Cyclone Eseta (Mariners Weather Log: Fall 1989). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 42334.
  20. ^ "1992 Tropical Cyclone FRAN (1992064S10184)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  21. ^ Summary of major disasters in Fiji 1985 – March 2010 (PDF) (Report). Fiji's National Disaster Management office. October 13, 2014. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  22. ^ Tropical Cyclone Mick, February 3–9, 1993 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  23. ^ Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Detachment; National Climatic Data Center (25 June 1996). Tropical Cyclone Tomas, 19-26 March (Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas). Indiana University. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  24. ^ Tropical Cyclone Vania (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. June 2, 1997. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  25. ^ Information Sheet No. 125: List of Floods occurring in the Fiji Islands between 1840 and 2000 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. August 15, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  26. ^ McGree, Simon; Yeo, Stephen W; Devi, Swastika (October 1, 2010). Flooding in the Fiji Islands between 1840 and 2009 (PDF) (Report). Risk Frontiers. p. 41. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  27. ^ "1994 Tropical Cyclone Not Named (1994347S09167)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  28. ^ Beven, John L (December 24, 1994). "Weekly tropical cyclone summary #176 December 11 – 18 1994". Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  29. ^ Callaghan, Jeffery. "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1995–96" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine: 332. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  30. ^ Terry, James P; McGree, Simon; Raj, Rishi (2004). "The Exceptional Flooding on Vanua Levu Island, Fiji, during Tropical Cyclone Ami in January 2003" (PDF). Journal of Natural Disaster Science261. 26: 27–36. doi:10.2328/jnds.26.27. ISSN 0388-4090.
  31. ^ Seru, Vive B (March 4, 1998). Tropical Cyclone Report 96/9: Tropical Cyclone Ian: April 17 – 19, 1997 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  32. ^ a b Asia–Pacific Workshop on Indicators and Indices for Monitoring Trends in Climate Extremes (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. December 12, 1998. p. 43. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  33. ^ Report on Tropical Cyclone Lusi October 6–12, 1997 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  34. ^ Preliminary Report on Tropical Cyclone Susan — January 3 – 9, 1998 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 20, 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  35. ^ Sulu, Reuben, ed. (2007). "4. Stress and Damage to Coral Reefs". Status of Coral Reefs in the Southwest Pacific, 2004. Editorips@usp.ac.fj. p. 41. ISBN 9789820203860.

External links[edit]

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