Ministry of General Machine-Building

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Ministry of General Machine-Building
Министерство общего машиностроения СССР

Buran at the 1989 Paris Air Show
Agency overview
Formed
  • 2 April 1955; 69 years ago (1955-04-02) (initially)
  • 2 March 1965; 59 years ago (1965-03-02) (reestablished)
Preceding agency
  • State Commission of Defense Technology
Dissolved
  • 10 May 1957; 67 years ago (1957-05-10) (initially)
  • 14 November 1991; 32 years ago (1991-11-14) (permanently)
Superseding agency
JurisdictionSoviet Union
Employees1000000-1500000
Minister responsible
  • Minister of General Machine-Building
Parent agencyMilitary-Industrial Commission
Child agency

The Ministry of General Machine-Building (Russian: Министерство общего машиностроения СССР; MOM), also known as Minobshchemash, was a government ministry of the Soviet Union from 1955 to 1957 and from 1965 to 1991. The ministry supervised the research, development, and production of strategic ballistic missiles as well as space launch vehicles and satellites in the Soviet space program.

History[edit]

The first organization in the Soviet Union dedicated to rocket technology was the Gas Dynamics Laboratory, founded in 1921 by Nikolai Tikhomirov. The laboratory researched and developed solid-propellant rockets, which became the prototypes of missiles in the Katyusha rocket launcher, as well as liquid-propellant rockets, which became the prototypes of Soviet rockets and spacecraft.[1] An organization with a similar purpose, the Group for the Study of Reactive Motion, was founded in 1931.[2] The two groups merged in 1933 to form the Reactive Scientific Research Institute,[3] the responsibility of which was transferred to the People’s Commissariat of Aviation Industry in 1944.[2]

The first rendition of the Ministry of General Machine-Building was created by a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on 2 April 1955,[4][5] with the active participation of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.[6][7] The ministry was the first in the Soviet Union to specifically focus on rocketry. Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service Pyotr Nikolaevich Goremykin [ru], who had held the post of Minister of Agricultural Engineering from June 1946 to March 1951, was appointed Minister of General Machine-Building.[8][9][10] Design bureaus such as OKB-1 were subordinated to the ministry.[11] The ministry was dissolved on 10 May 1957 and its functions were transferred, possibly for purposes of secrecy.[12]

The Ministry of General Machine-Building was reestablished by the provisions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Council of Ministers no. 126–47 on 2 March 1965, as a successor to the State Committee on Defense Technology.[13] Leonid Ivanovich Gusev [ru] was made Deputy Minister[14] while Vladimir Chelomey was the general designer of rocket technology.[15] The ministry was put in charge of space technology as well as strategic ballistic missiles, except solid-fueled missiles; these instead were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology, which from 1966 was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense Industry.[16] Transferred to the new ministry were factories from the defense, aviation, radio engineering, and shipbuilding industries, alongside leading research institutes and design bureaus. Many of these were headed by academicians such as Sergei Korolev, Mikhail Yangel, Valentin Glushko, Nikolay Pilyugin, Vladimir Barmin, Mikhail Ryazansky [ru], Viktor Makeev, and Viktor Litvinov.[13] The ministry reported to the Military-Industrial Commission, which coordinated its activity with eight other military-industrial ministries.[17]

The ministry served as one of the primary organizations managing the Soviet space program, controlling roughly 1200 factories and employing between 1 million and 1.5 million people at its peak.[18][19] However, contrary to its American, European, and Chinese competitors, which had their programs run under a single coordinating agency, the executive architecture of the Soviet space program was multi-centered; several internally competing design bureaus, technical councils, ministry staffs, and expert commissions all held more influence over the program than political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the reorganization of the Soviet Union into the Russian Federation was therefore a new development. The Ministry of General Machine-Building was dissolved on 14 November 1991.[17][20] The Russian Space Agency[note 1] was formed as its successor[21][22][23] on 25 February 1992 by a decree of President Yeltsin.[24] Yuri Koptev, who had previously worked with designing Mars landers at NPO Lavochkin, became the first director of the agency, which would eventually become Roscosmos.[25]

In 2013, when the Russian space sector was being reorganized,[26] one option considered was to create a ministry similar to the Ministry of General Machine-Building.[27]

List of ministers[edit]

The Ministry of General Machine-Building had five ministers during its existence, one being from its first incarnation and the other four being from its second incarnation:[10][28][29]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Russian: Российское космическое агентство, Rossiyskoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo, or RKA (Russian: РКА).

References[edit]

  1. ^ Gas-Dynamic Laboratory, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1981 (printed version) ed.). Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. December 1973. ISBN 9780028800004.
  2. ^ a b Chertok, 2005 & Vol 1.
  3. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 7.
  4. ^ "2 апреля 1955 года «Об образовании общесоюзного Министерства общего машиностроения СССР»". Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  5. ^ Вертикальная структура: как реорганизуется космическая отрасль России. Archived 30 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine // АиФ
  6. ^ Жорес Алферов: заметки о роли РАН в современной России. Archived 2 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine // РИА
  7. ^ Академик Жорес Алфёров: «Нашей науке нужна философия развития» . Archived 16 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine // file-rf.ru
  8. ^ Фронтовой дневник авторы Евгений Петров
  9. ^ "Первый министр «космического министерства»". Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
  10. ^ a b "Горемыкин Пётр Николаевич МГТУ имени Баумана". Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  11. ^ Andrews, James T.; Siddiqi, Asif A. (2011). Into the Cosmos: Space Exploration and Soviet Culture. University of Pittsburgh Pre. ISBN 9780822977469. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  12. ^ "Человек, создавший космическую связь". Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
  13. ^ a b "General Machinebuilding - Background". Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  14. ^ "Умер один из основателей ракетно-космической промышленности России Леонид Гусев". Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  15. ^ "Владимир Челомей, советский ученый, конструктор ракетной техники". Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  16. ^ "Московский институт теплотехники (МИТ)". Газета "Коммерсантъ". 7 June 2011. p. 4. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  17. ^ a b "Ministry of General Machine-building of USSR (MOM)". Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  18. ^ "Бывший министр общего машиностроения СССР Олег Бакланов". Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
  19. ^ "Космическая отрасль – это «не кафе быстрого обслуживания»". Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
  20. ^ Полвека без Королёва. Archived 28 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine // zavtra.ru
  21. ^ Федеральный закон от 13 июля 2015 г. N 215-ФЗ Archived 26 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine «8. Корпорация является правопреемником Министерства общего машиностроения СССР, Российского космического агентства, Российского авиационно-космического агентства и Федерального космического агентства в отношении международных договоров (соглашений) Российской Федерации в области космической деятельности, заключенных с органами и организациями иностранных государств и международными организациями (включая сопутствующие контрактные обязательства), а также правопреемником Российского авиационно-космического агентства и Федерального космического агентства в отношении соглашений (договоров) в указанной области, заключенных с федеральными органами государственной власти, органами государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации, органами местного самоуправления и организациями.»
  22. ^ Государственная корпорация "Роскосмос" Archived 26 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine. «Таким образом, госкорпорация "Роскосмос" стала правопреемником Министерства общего машиностроения СССР, Российского космического агентства, Российского авиационно-космического агентства и Федерального космического агентства.»
  23. ^ "Федеральный закон N 215-ФЗ". Archived from the original on 2022-12-26. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
  24. ^ "25 февраля 1992 года образовано Российское космическое агентство, в настоящее время – Федеральное космическое агентство (Роскосмос)". Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  25. ^ Harvey, Brian (2007). "The design bureaus". The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program (1st ed.). Germany: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-71354-0.
  26. ^ Messier, Doug (2013-08-30). "Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  27. ^ Будущее космической отрасли: госкорпорация, холдинги или министерство. Archived 2 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine // РИА
  28. ^ "Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1917-1964". Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  29. ^ "Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1964-1991". Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
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