Turukkaeans

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This article is about a people of ancient South West Asia. For an African ethnic group sometimes known as the Tukri, see Toucouleur people.

The Turukkaeans were a Turkic[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Bronze and Iron Age people of Zagros Mountains. Their endonym has sometimes been reconstructed as Tukri.

According to F. Celilov,after the partition of State of Gutians,on the Azerbaijan lands -which after the Media will be appeared- they founded their own tsardoms.The Turkish tribes who lived on antique Azerbaijan for milleniums,seperated on various branches, some of them went to the Turkistan,and some of them stayed in Urmia river.The Turkish tribes who went to the Turkistan, created Hiung-Nu,Göktürk Empire,Uyghur Khanagate etc.There are enough sources about these Turks in Chinese,Orkhon monuments.The Turks that their eastern branch is explained by various language [Tukyu (Chinese),Tükyüt (Mongol),Tork (Persian,Armenian)],but we cannot say that the Turks which stayed in "homeland" is explained.Because until now there aren't any research about this topic, only in the some small parts of theAkkadian tablets.F. Celilov says that those tribes should be counted as a Turkic.[22]


Although the Turkish tribes in ancient Azerbaijan were not visible during the time of the Aratta, Guti and Lulubi states, which were established in 3 thousand years BC, they participated with other Turkish tribes in the establishment of these states.During the Gutians were likely a 'superpower' (on the 18 century BC), one of the Akkadian army fought agaisnt 17 state was a state called Tourki or Turki.It was recorded that over the Tigris river,the Subars founded a city named Turxu.The Turks which mentioned in the Mari Tablets were living in the west of theTigris river.The turkish tribes who appeared after the State of Gutia was partitioned,fought with Cumans,Subars,Lullubis agaisnt Assyrians,Hurrians,Babylonians and more for II millenium.[23]

History[edit]

The Discover[edit]

The excavation carried out by French archaeologists on the western bank of the Euphrates River, near the current Iraq-Syria border, revealed the tsarist archives of the old city of Mari. The texts of the tablets (clay plates) written in cuneiform were published serially twenty years later, starting in 1950, by Georgies Dossin in the Louvre Museum news. In more than twenty texts, there were tribe names read as turukku. H. Z. Kosay, who first said that this name was related to the Turks, published the line with the word turukku on two tablets in a scientific bulletin published in Bucharest in 1982.[24] In 1989,S. Bayram recorded 11 more tablets that has "Turukku" inside it.The Z. Yalpolski, Y. Yusifov,S. Elyarov also count Turukkaeans as Turk amd they recorded that name also used like Türük/Török/Turuk/Türki.


However, this name is not given correctly in the transcription of the Mari texts. As a matter of fact, the old form of the word Turk is turk, and this form is also reflected in Assyrian texts. However, while the phonetic pronunciation of the name Turk in the Assyrian context is tu-ru-ki, the Assyrians write it as Turukku, that is, they read the last consonant of the name as a geminate (double) consonant according to the Assyrian dialect. There is no twin consonant in this name in most texts. In the Adadnerari inscription (14th century), the country of Turuki is mentioned as "tu-ru-ki-i". The mispronunciation of this name is also shown in the book "Akkadian language" by the German scientist K. Riemschneider;[25] The form given as "Tu-ru-ku-tum" in the text is transcribed as Turukkutum in the dictionary of the text. Prof. F. Jalilov states that by examining the 9th and 10th lines of tablet number 25, it becomes clear that the name was written incorrectly:

  • (9)Li-da-a-ia awilum Tu-ru-ku-u ,
  • (10) u awilum Tu-ru-ku-u sha it-ti-shu .[26]


"There is no double consonant in the writing of the name in both lines. Therefore, when the Semitic suffixes added to this name are used in the texts, the word remains in its Turkish form and should be read as turk." Since there is no turk//turk and o sign, torok//toruk// turok//türük// It may also be possible to pronounce it in Turkish variants, but the turk form is used more since it is etymologically characteristic. It is correct to use this form for that period.[27]





Middle Bronze[edit]

The Assyrian state periodically marched into neighboring regions, including ancient Azerbaijan, for 1500 years until it collapsed at the end of the 7th century BC. Assyrian kings have many records about these expeditions. Mari documents regarding the Turuk tribes can only be found in B.C. XIX-XVIII. It covers centuries. Although the attitude of the Assyrians towards the events is clearly stated in these inscriptions, the Turks are presented as enemies, in any case, these inscriptions are very valuable historical documents in terms of Assyrian-Turkish relations. The events took place on both banks of the Tigris River, mostly in the present-day Kirkuk-Erbil region and on the southwestern side of Lake Urmu. The Kirkuk region, called Arrapha (Ar-Apa) at that time, was a Turkish region that was attacked first by the Assyrians, then by the Hurrians, by the Kassis, and then by the Assyrians, and the ethnic structure of its population changed. significantly. The Assyrian army fought with Turkish soldiers in the Ahazim and Katanum (Kotan) regions of the Turkish tribes, in the tax-paying Hirbazanim (Irbasan) and Tigunanim (belonging to Tigin) regions, and in the Shushshara (Susara) region. The part of Lulu between Erbil and Lake Urmu. Assyrians generally encountered Turkish soldiers when they crossed the Tigris and marched towards the lands of Subars, Gutians and Lulubians.


Mari documents show that the Turuk tribes did not always remain in a defensive position, periodically attacking Assyrian lands, plundering Assyria and Assyrian regions, and preventing Assyrian expansion from spreading eastward. Therefore, the Assyrian tsars had to compromise with the Turkish forces. In order to collect comprehensive information about the Turks, who kept the Assyrian borders under constant tension, Assyrian kings used many spies and guards in the border areas. Assyrian elders were regularly informed about the population of the Turuk/Turkish warriors in the regions they entered, as well as their direction of movement, purpose, number, strength and behavior. In fact, in the report of the watchman sitting at the mouth of the Asahitim canal on the Turuk border, there is an insignificant little news such as "A messenger has passed this way from the Turuk region."[28]


The information that worried the Assyrians the most was the news that Turkish/Turukkaean gangs would raid with a small or large force. From this perspective, the information given in tablet number 21 is typical:

"The Turukkaean enemy went out and and went to the (...).They invaded Kakkulatim...Since this invasion,the numbers of Turukkaeans are not so much but ir may increase.They will continue to come."


The Turkish/Turukkaean panic is also mentioned in the other parts:

"The Turukkaeans are forcing us to do unspeakable things"[29]


Or:


"The tsar told us that the Turukkaeans firstly attacked Nihtim and destroyed it."[30]


And:


"The Turukkaeans are in the Tigunanim.When they [a] came here, they said:'Now,they went their own homeland'"[31]


İn the last sentence, the name of the leader of the tribe of the Turukkaeans is not mentioned.İn the another tablet, a leader mentioned.


"Turukkaeans fought with their leader Lydada and they sacked two cities." -Mari tablets, no. 25


Turukku was regarded by the Old Assyrian Empire as a constant threat, during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I (1813-1782 BCE) and his son and successor Ishme-Dagan (1781-1750 BCE). The Turukkaeans were allied to the Land of Ahazum, and they gathered at the town of Ikkallum to face the army of Ishme-Dagan, as Shamshi-Adad wrote in a letter to his other son Yasmah-Adad.

The Turukkaeans were reported to have sacked the city of Mardaman, apparently under Hurrian rule, around the year 1769/68 BCE.[32] Babylon's defeat of Turukku was celebrated in the 37th year of Hammurabi's reign (c. 1773 BCE).

A significant early reference to them is an inscription by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, (r. circa 1792 – c. 1752 BCE) that mentions a kingdom named Tukriš (UET I l. 46, iii–iv, 1–4), alongside Gutium, Subartu and another name that is usually reconstructed as Elam. Other texts from the same period refer to the kingdom as Tukru.

Iron Age[edit]

By the early part of the 1st millennium BCE, names such as Turukkum, Turukku and ti-ru-ki-i are being used for the same region. In a broader sense, names such as Turukkaean been used in a generic sense to mean "mountain people" or "highlanders".

A map of Mesopotamia and south-western Iran during the 2nd Millennium BCE. The Tukri are generally believed to have been located immediately north of Lullubi (top centre of the map) during this period.

Tukru or Turukkum was said to have spanned the north-east edge of Mesopotamia and an adjoining part of the Zagros Mountains. In particular, they were associated with the Lake Urmia basin and the valleys of the north-east Zagros. They were therefore located north of ancient Lullubi, and at least one Neo-Assyrian (9th to 7th centuries BCE) text refers to the whole area and its peoples as "Lullubi-Turukki" (VAT 8006).

Hurrians?[edit]

In terms of cultural and linguistic characteristics, little is known about the Tukri. They are described by their contemporaries as a semi-nomadic, mountain tribe, who wore animal skins. Some scholars believe they may have been Hurrian-speaking or subject to a Hurrian elite.[33]

On the other hand, the Turukkeans were closely associated with the Lullubi, and attacked the Hurrian city of Mardaman. Thus, they may have been an Iranian group.But its Turkicness is more possible.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]

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See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Fritz Hommel- Gestichichte Babyloniens und Assyriens,2016.
  2. ^ Азярбайжан Милли Елмляр Академийасы Ялйазмалар Институту вя «Елм вя тящсил» няшриййаты - Филолоэийа мясяляляри No. 8. Бакы – 2013. ISSN 2224-9257. p.6-13.
  3. ^ Казымов Г.Ш. Мцасир Азярбайъан дили. Морфолоэийа. Бакы, «Нурлан», 2010. p.4-6.
  4. ^ Saak Tarontsi,Anatolia-Cradle of Mankind:We don't just deal with the prevailing influence of Sumerian language on ancient Turkish/Turukkean language with apparent evidence of lexical borrowings on a massive scale on numerous cases of syntactic,morphological and phonolagical convergense,...
  5. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180325050756/http://acikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/browse/3634/
  6. ^ F. Celilov – Azer xalqı, II nüşri Bakı, 2006
  7. ^ Q. Qeybullayev – Azerbaycan türklerinin teşekkül tarixinden, Bakı, 1994
  8. ^ Z. Bünyadov,Y. Yusifov – Azerbaycan tarixi, Bakı, 2006
  9. ^ Barbara A. West, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, 1967, p. 826
  10. ^ Martijn Theodor Houtsma, Encyclopedia of İslam, p. 142.
  11. ^ Ekrem Memiş, Nuri Köstüklü, Yeni ve yakın çağ'da Türk dünyası tarihi, 2005, s. 112: Eskiçağlardan beri Sümerler, Turukkular, Gutiler ve Kaslar gibi proto Türk kavimlerine vatan olan Irak, 9. yüzyıldan itibaren de müslüman Türkler'in yurdu olmaya başlamıştır.
  12. ^ Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, Türk dünyası araştırmaları, 2004, page 35: Kuzey Mezopotamya'da Yafes soyundan kalan küçük bir kısım Türk kavmi, yani Gutium veya Turukkular ise zamanla ya millî ...
  13. ^ German Archaeological Institute. Department Teheran, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Vol. 19, Dietrich Reimer, 1986, p. 90
  14. ^ Зийадхан Нябибяйли - "ЗЯНЭЯЗУРУН АЛТУН ТАЪЫ ЛАЧЫН" - Бакы - 2009. p.156, 253.
  15. ^ WİLHEM, Herausgegeben von Gernot, 2001, Studien zu den Bogazköy-Texten, Akten des IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie Würzburg 4-8 October 1999, Wiesbaden
  16. ^ BEYER, D.- D. Charpin, 1990, “Le sceau de Zaziya, roi des Turukkéens,” MARI 6, Paris p. 625-628.
  17. ^ A. Akif Poroy,Ön-Türkler.Bilge Karınca Yayınları
  18. ^ Meydan,Sinan.Türklerin Saklı Tarihi.İnkılâp Yayınevi.
  19. ^ "A Story of Life & Death and Love & War" *** By H.M. Hubey *** Montclair State University. chapter 5.1: Middle East >>> Furthermore, it is exactly in this region that we find the names Kuman(ni), Turuk(ku), Khumuk(ku), Kashka/Kaska, Subar(tu), Kesh(i). It is very strange that Kumans, Kumuks, and Kashkai today speak Turkic or were Turkic speaking when they are known in history. The Sabirs (Turkic speaking) were also in the North Caucasus. The Kesh could be simply ‘people from Kesh/Kish’ which could have gotten the meaning of ‘people’ in Turkic (i.e. kişi). <<<
  20. ^ Turkic peoples-Name etymology by Sjur C. Papazian,30 November 2013:"...Turukkaeans (Turukkum, Turukku) were an ancient near eastern people in the northern parts of Mesopotamia..."
  21. ^ ÜNAL, O . "‘Sözde Karca’ Kelimelerin Kökeni ve Türkçedeki Hurri-Urartuca Leksikal Alıntılar Üzerine". Türkbilig (2017 ):p.25-68
  22. ^ F. Cəlilov – Azər xalqı, II nəşri Bakı, 2006, səh 40 – 46
  23. ^ "A Story of Life & Death and Love & War" *** By H.M. Hubey *** Montclair State University. chapter 5.1: Middle East:
  24. ^ Y. Yusifov – Qədim Şərq tarixi, Bakı, 1994
  25. ^ K. Riemschneider - Akkadian Language, Berlin, 1975, p.168
  26. ^ F. Cəlilov – Azər xalqı, II nəşri Bakı, 2006, p. 40
  27. ^ F. Cəlilov – Azər xalqı, II nəşri Bakı, 2006, p. 41
  28. ^ Mari tablets, no. 83
  29. ^ Mari tablets, no. 63
  30. ^ Mari Tablets, no. 87
  31. ^ Mari tablets, no.23
  32. ^ Pfälzner, Peter, (2018). "Keilschrifttafeln von Bassetki lüften Geheimnis um Königsstadt Mardaman". uni-tuebingen.de. University of Tubingen.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Læssøe, Jørgen (2014-10-24). People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence. Routledge. ISBN 9781317602613.
  34. ^ Fritz Hommel- Gestichichte Babyloniens und Assyriens,2016.
  35. ^ Азярбайжан Милли Елмляр Академийасы Ялйазмалар Институту вя «Елм вя тящсил» няшриййаты - Филолоэийа мясяляляри No. 8. Бакы – 2013. ISSN 2224-9257. p.6-13.
  36. ^ Казымов Г.Ш. Мцасир Азярбайъан дили. Морфолоэийа. Бакы, «Нурлан», 2010. p.4-6.
  37. ^ Saak Tarontsi,Anatolia-Cradle of Mankind:We don't just deal with the prevailing influence of Sumerian language on ancient Turkish/Turukkean language with apparent evidence of lexical borrowings on a massive scale on numerous cases of syntactic,morphological and phonolagical convergense,...
  38. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180325050756/http://acikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/browse/3634/
  39. ^ F. Celilov – Azer xalqı, II nüşri Bakı, 2006
  40. ^ Q. Qeybullayev – Azerbaycan türklerinin teşekkül tarixinden, Bakı, 1994
  41. ^ Z. Bünyadov,Y. Yusifov – Azerbaycan tarixi, Bakı, 2006

Bibliography[edit]


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