Mealybug

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Pseudococcidae
Mealybugs on a flower stem in Yogyakarta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Superfamily: Coccoidea
Family: Pseudococcidae
Heymons, 1915 [1]

Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm habitats. Of the more than 2000 described species, many are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a vector for several plant diseases. Some ants live in symbiotic relationships with them, protecting them from predators and feeding off the honeydew which they excrete.

Description[edit]

A video of a mealybug

Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic: females appear as nymphs, exhibiting reduced morphology, and lack wings, although unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. Males are smaller, gnat-like and have wings. Since mealybugs (as well as all other Hemiptera) are hemimetabolous insects, they do not undergo complete metamorphosis in the true sense of the word. However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to wasp-like flying adults.[citation needed]

Mealybug females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and in a few cases the bottoms of stored fruit. They attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer (hence the name "mealy" bug) used for protection while they suck the plant juices. In Asia, mango mealybug is considered a major menace for the mango crop. The males on the other hand are short-lived as they do not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize the females. Male citrus mealy bugs fly to the females and resemble fluffy gnats.

Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50–100; other species are born directly from the female.

The most serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus; other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple (Jahn et al. 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, sunflower and orchids. Mealybugs only tend to be serious pests in the presence of ants because the ants protect them from predators and parasites.[2] Mealybugs are also a vector of viruses in grapevines, spreading grapevine leafroll and grapevine red blotch viruses.[3] Mealybugs also infest some species of carnivorous plant such as Sarracenia (pitcher plants); in such cases it is difficult to eradicate them without repeated applications of insecticide such as diazinon. Small infestations may not inflict significant damage. In larger amounts though, they can induce leaf drop. In recent years, some of the mealybug species have become invasive pests in localities posing a great problem to the new agro-ecosystems. In India, Withania somnifera plant have been reported as a new reservoir host for an invasive mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis.[4]

Some mealybugs of the Hypogeococcus are used as biological pest controls of invasive cacti in South Africa, including Harrisia balansae, H. martinii, and Opuntia cespitosa.[5]

Fossil specimens of genus Acropyga ants have been recovered from the Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits and several individuals are preserved carrying the extinct mealybug genus Electromyrmococcus.[6] These fossils represent the oldest record of the symbiosis between mealybugs and Acropyga species ants.[6]

Control methods[edit]

Pyrethroids such as permethrin, bifenthrin or cyfluthrin can be used to control mealybugs.[7]

Some gardeners use green lacewing (Chrysopidae) larvae to control mealybug infestations, as the larval lacewings are voracious predators of aphids and other small insects.[8]

Metabolism[edit]

Mealybugs have a highly sophisticated metabolism that involves not one but two bacterial endosymbionts, one inside the other. The endosymbionts make essential amino acids that the mealybug is not able to acquire directly from its diet. Genetically, mealybugs rely on a "mosaic" of metabolic pathways in which proteins are transported across membranes between what were once independent organisms.[9]

Genera[edit]

The following are included in BioLib.cz:[10]

  1. Acaciacoccus Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 1994
  2. Acinicoccus Williams, 1985
  3. Acrochordonus Cox, 1987
  4. Adelosoma Borchsenius, 1948
  5. Aemulantonina Williams, 2004
  6. Agastococcus Cox, 1987
  7. Albertinia (bug) de Lotto, 1971
  8. Allococcus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956
  9. Allomyrmococcus Takahashi, 1941
  10. Allotrionymus Takahashi, 1958
  11. Amonostherium Morrison & Morrison, 1922
  12. Anaparaputo Borchsenius, 1962
  13. Anisococcus Ferris, 1950
  14. Annulococcus James, 1936
  15. Anthelococcus McKenzie, 1964
  16. Antonina (bug) Signoret, 1875
  17. Antoninella Kiritchenko, 1938
  18. Antoninoides Ferris, 1953
  19. Apodastococcus Williams, 1985
  20. Archeomyrmococcus Williams, 2002
  21. Artemicoccus Balachowsky, 1953
  22. Asaphococcus Cox, 1987
  23. Asphodelococcus Morrison, 1945
  24. Asteliacoccus Williams, 1985
  25. Atriplicicoccus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992
  26. Atrococcus Goux, 1941
  27. Australicoccus Williams, 1985
  28. Australiputo Williams, 1985
  29. Balachowskya Gomez-Menor, 1956
  30. Balanococcus Williams, 1962
  31. Benedictycoccina Kozár & Foldi, 2004
  32. Bessenayla Goux, 1988
  33. Birendracoccus Ali, 1975
  34. Bolbococcus Williams, 2002
  35. Boninococcus Kawai, 1973
  36. Boreococcus Danzig, 1960
  37. Borneococcus Williams, 2002
  38. Bouhelia Balachowsky, 1938
  39. Brevennia Goux, 1940
  40. Brevicoccus Hambleton, 1946
  41. Calicoccus Balachowsky, 1959
  42. Callitricoccus Williams, 1985
  43. Calyptococcus Borchsenius, 1948
  44. Cannococcus Borchsenius, 1960
  45. Casuarinaloma Froggatt, 1933
  46. Cataenococcus Ferris, 1955
  47. Caulococcus Borchsenius, 1960
  48. Chaetococcus Maskell, 1898
  49. Chaetotrionymus Williams, 1985
  50. Chloeoon Anderson, 1788
  51. Chlorizococcus n/a
  52. Chlorococcus Beardsley, 1971
  53. Chryseococcus Cox, 1987
  54. Cintococcus Goux, 1940
  55. Circaputo McKenzie, 1962
  56. Clavicoccus Ferris, 1948
  57. Coccidella Hambleton, 1946
  58. Coccidohystrix Lindinger, 1943
  59. Coccura Šulc, 1908
  60. Coleococcus Borchsenius, 1962
  61. Conicoccus Goux, 1994
  62. Conicosoma de Lotto, 1971
  63. Conulicoccus Williams, 1985
  64. Coorongia Williams, 1985
  65. Cormiococcus Williams, 1989
  66. Crenicoccus Williams, 2004
  67. Criniticoccus Williams, 1960
  68. Crisicoccus Ferris, 1950
  69. Crocydococcus Cox, 1987
  70. Cryptoripersia Cockerell, 1899
  71. Cucullococcus Ferris, 1941
  72. Cyperia De Lotto, 1964
  73. Cypericoccus Williams, 1985
  74. Cyphonococcus Cox, 1987
  75. Dawa (bug) Williams, 1985
  76. Delococcus Ferris, 1955
  77. Delottococcus Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986
  78. Dicranococcus Williams, 2002
  79. Discococcus Ferris, 1953
  80. Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950
  81. Diversicrus de Lotto, 1971
  82. Doryphorococcus Williams, 2002
  83. Drymococcus Borchsenius, 1962
  84. Dysmicoccus Ferris, 1950
  85. Eastia De Lotto, 1964
  86. Ehrhornia Ferris, 1918
  87. Epicoccus Cockerell, 1902
  88. Eriocorys de Lotto, 1967
  89. Erioides Green, 1922
  90. Erium Cockerell, 1897
  91. Eucalyptococcus Williams, 1985
  92. Eumirococcus Ter-Grigorian, 1964
  93. Eumyrmococcus Silvestri, 1926
  94. Eupeliococcus Sãvescu, 1985
  95. Euripersia Borchsenius, 1948
  96. Eurycoccus Ferris, 1950
  97. Exallomochlus Williams, 2004
  98. Exilipedronia Williams, 1960
  99. Extanticoccus Williams, 2004
  100. Farinococcus Morrison, 1922
  101. Ferrisia Fullaway, 1923
  102. Ferrisicoccus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956
  103. Fijicoccus Williams & Watson, 1988
  104. Fonscolombia Lichtenstein, 1877
  105. Formicococcus Takahashi, 1928
  106. Gallulacoccus Beardsley, 1971
  107. Geococcus (bug) Green, 1902
  108. Giraudia Goux, 1989
  109. Glycycnyza Danzig, 1974
  110. Gomezmenoricoccus Kozar & Walter, 1985
  111. Greenoripersia Bodenheimer, 1929
  112. Grewiacoccus Brain, 1918
  113. Grewiacococcus Brain, 1918
  114. Hadrococcus Williams, 1985
  115. Hambletonrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2005
  116. Heliococcus Šulc, 1912
  117. Hemisphaerococcus Borchsenius, 1934
  118. Heterococcopsis Borchsenius, 1948
  119. Heterococcus (bug) Ferris, 1918
  120. Hippeococcus Reyne, 1954
  121. Hopefoldia Foldi, 1988
  122. Hordeolicoccus Williams, 2004
  123. Humoccoccus Ferris, 1953
  124. Humococcus Ferris, 1953
  125. Hypogeococcus Rau, 1938[5]
  126. Iberococcus Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1928
  127. Idiococcus Takahashi & Kanda, 1939
  128. Inopicoccus Danzig, 1971
  129. Ityococcus Williams, 1985
  130. Kaicoccus Takahashi, 1958
  131. Kenmorea Williams, 1985
  132. Kermicus Newstead, 1897
  133. Kiritshenkella Borchsenius, 1948
  134. Lachnodiella Hempel, 1910
  135. Lachnodiopsis Borchsenius, 1960
  136. Lachnodius Maskell, 1896
  137. Lacombia Goux, 1940
  138. Laingiococcus Morrison, 1945
  139. Laminicoccus Williams, 1960
  140. Lanceacoccus Williams, 2004
  141. Lantanacoccus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992
  142. Lenania De Lotto, 1964
  143. Leococcus Kanda, 1959
  144. Leptococcus Reyne, 1961
  145. Leptorhizoecus Williams, 1998
  146. Liucoccus Borchsenius, 1960
  147. Lomatococcus Borchsenius, 1960
  148. Londiania De Lotto, 1964
  149. Longicoccus Danzig, 1975
  150. Maconellicoccus Ezzat, 1958
  151. Macrocepicoccus Morrison, 1919
  152. Macrocerococcus Leonardi, 1907
  153. Maculicoccus Williams, 1960
  154. Madacanthococcus Mamet, 1959
  155. Madagasia Mamet, 1962
  156. Madangiacoccus Williams, 1985
  157. Madeurycoccus Mamet, 1959
  158. Malaicoccus Takahashi, 1950
  159. Malekoccus Matile-Ferrero, 1988
  160. Mammicoccus Balachowsky, 1959
  161. Marendellea de Lotto, 1967
  162. Mascarenococcus Mamet, 1940
  163. Maskellococcus Cox, 1987
  164. Mediococcus Kiritschenko, 1936
  165. Melanococcus Williams, 1985
  166. Metadenopsis Matesova, 1966
  167. Metadenopus Sulc, 1933
  168. Miconicoccus Williams & Miller, 1999
  169. Mirococcopsis Borchsenius, 1948
  170. Mirococcus Borchsenius, 1947
  171. Miscanthicoccus Takahashi, 1958
  172. Misericoccus Ferris, 1953
  173. Mollicoccus Williams, 1960
  174. Mombasinia De Lotto, 1964
  175. Moystonia Williams, 1985
  176. Mutabilicoccus Williams, 1960
  177. Naiacoccus Green, 1919
  178. Nairobia De Lotto, 1964
  179. Natalensia Brain, 1915
  180. Neochavesia Williams & de Willink, 1992
  181. Neoclavicoccus Cohic, 1959
  182. Neorhizoecus Hambleton, 1916
  183. Neoripersia Kanda, 1943
  184. Neosimmondsia Laing, 1930
  185. Neotrionymus Borchsenius, 1948
  186. Nesococcus Ehrhorn, 1916
  187. Nesopedronia Beardsley, 1971
  188. Nesticoccus Tang, 1977
  189. Nipaecoccus Šulc, 1945
  190. Octococcus Hall, 1939
  191. Odacoccus Williams & Watson, 1988
  192. Ohiacoccus Beardsley, 1971
  193. Oracella Ferris, 1950
  194. Orstomicoccus Mamet, 1962
  195. Oudablis Signoret, 1882
  196. Oxyacanthus Chevallier, 1836
  197. Palaucoccus Beardsley, 1966
  198. Palmicultor Williams, 1963
  199. Paludicoccus Ferris, 1918
  200. Pandanicola Beardsley, 1966
  201. Papuacoccus Williams & Watson, 1988
  202. Paracoccus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956
  203. Paradiscococcus Williams, 1985
  204. Paradoxococcus McKenzie, 1962
  205. Paraferrisia Williams & de Boer, 1973
  206. Paramococcus Foldi & Cox, 1989
  207. Paramonostherium Williams, 1985
  208. Paramyrmococcus Takahashi, 1941
  209. Parapaludicoccus Mamet, 1962
  210. Parapedronia Balachowsky, 1953
  211. Paraputo Laing, 1929
  212. Pararhodania Ter-Grigorian, 1964
  213. Paratrionymus Borchsenius, 1948
  214. Pedrococcus Mamet, 1942
  215. Pedronia Green, 1922
  216. Peliococcopsis Borchesenius, 1948
  217. Peliococcus Borchsenius, 1948
  218. Pellizzaricoccus Kozar, 1991
  219. Penthococcus Danzig, 1972
  220. Peridiococcus Williams, 1985
  221. Perystrix Gavrilov, 2004
  222. Phenacoccopsis Borchsenius, 1948
  223. Phenacoccus Cockerell, 1893
  224. Pilococcus Takahashi, 1928
  225. Planococcoides Ezzat & McConnell, 1956
  226. Planococcus Ferris, 1950
  227. Pleistocerarius Matile-Ferrero, 1970
  228. Plotococcus Miller & Denno, 1977
  229. Poecilococcus Brookes, 1981
  230. Polystomophora Borchsenius, 1948
  231. Porococcus Cockerell, 1898
  232. Promyrmococcus Williams, 2002
  233. Prorhizoecus Miller & McKenzie, 1971
  234. Prorsococcus Williams, 1985
  235. Pseudantonina Green, 1922
  236. Pseudococcus Westwood, 1840
  237. Pseudorhizoecus Green, 1933
  238. Pseudorhodania Borchsenius, 1962
  239. Pseudoripersia Cockerell, 1899
  240. Pseudotrionymus Beardsley, 1971
  241. Pygmaeococcus McKenzie, 1960
  242. Quadrigallicoccus Williams & Miller, 1999
  243. Radicoccus Hambleton, 1946
  244. Rastrococcus Ferris, 1954
  245. Renicaula Cox, 1987
  246. Rhizoecus Künckel d'Herculais, 1878
  247. Rhodania Goux, 1935
  248. Ripersia Signoret, 1875
  249. Ritsemia Lichtenstein, 1879
  250. Saccharicoccus Ferris, 1950
  251. Saliococcus Kanda, 1934
  252. Sarococcus Williams & de Boer, 1973
  253. Scaptococcus McKenzie, 1964
  254. Seabrina Neves, 1943
  255. Serrolecanium Shinji, 1935
  256. Seyneria Goux, 1990
  257. Sinococcus Wu & Zheng, 2001
  258. Spartinacoccus Kosztarab, 1996
  259. Sphaerococcus Maskell, 1892
  260. Spilococcus Ferris, 1950
  261. Stachycoccus Borchsenius, 1962
  262. Stemmatomerinx Ferris, 1950
  263. Stipacoccus Tang, 1992
  264. Strandanna De Lotto, 1969
  265. Strombococcus Williams, 1985
  266. Synacanthococcus Morrison, 1920
  267. Syrmococcus Ferris, 1953
  268. Takahashicoccus Kanda, 1959
  269. Tasmanicoccus Williams, 1985
  270. Thaimyrmococcus Williams, 2002
  271. Tomentocera Beardsley, 1964
  272. Trabutina Marchal, 1904
  273. Trabutinella Borchsenius, 1948
  274. Trechocorys Curtis, 1843
  275. Tridiscus Ferris, 1950
  276. Trimerococcus Balachowsky, 1952
  277. Trionymus Berg, 1899
  278. Trochiscococcus Williams & Pellizzari, 1997
  279. Tylococcus Newstead, 1897
  280. Tympanococcus Williams, 1967
  281. Ventrispina Williams, 1985
  282. Villosicoccus Williams, 1985
  283. Volvicoccus Goux, 1945
  284. Vryburgia De Lotto, 1967
  285. Xenococcus Silvestri, 1924
  286. Yudnapinna Williams, 1985

Extinct genera:

Note: the genus Puto is now placed in its own family

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Pseudococcidae Heymons, 1915". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  2. ^ Noe, Ronald (November 21, 2012). "Fire Ants Protect Mealybugs against Their Natural Enemies by Utilizing the Leaf Shelters Constructed by the Leaf Roller Sylepta derogata". PLOS ONE. 7 (11). US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health: e49982. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749982Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049982. PMC 3503828. PMID 23185505.
  3. ^ Bettiga, Larry J (8 September 2015). "Assessing Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Disease Impacts in Local Vineyards". ANR Blogs. Salinas Valley Agriculture. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  4. ^ Sharma, A.; Pati, P. K. (2013). "First record of Ashwagandha as a new host to the invasive mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley) in India". Entomological News. 123 (1): 59–62. doi:10.3157/021.123.0114. S2CID 85645762.
  5. ^ a b "Cactus control in the Klein Karoo". Rhodes University. 2014-09-17. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  6. ^ a b Johnson, M.S.; et al. (2001). "Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis". American Museum Novitates (3335): 1–18. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)335<0001:AAAAHF>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 55067700.
  7. ^ SP290-S-Mealybugs on Ornamentals (Report). The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service. 2003. SP290S-1.5M-5/03(Rev) E12-4615-00-030-03.
  8. ^ "Cryptolaemus and lacewings for mealybug and scale control" (PDF). Department of Primary Studies, NSW. New South Wales. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  9. ^ Callier, Viviane (8 June 2022). "Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-060822-2. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  10. ^ BioLib.cz: family: mealybugs - Pseudococcidae Heymons, 1915 (retrieved 14 May 2024)

Further reading[edit]

  • Jahn, G. C. and J. W. Beardsley (1994). "Big-headed ants, Pheidole megacephala: Interference with the biological control of gray pineapple mealybugs". In D.F. Williams [ed.] Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact and Control of Introduced Species. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 199–205. ISBN 9780813386157.
  • Jahn, G. C. and J. W. Beardsley (1998). "Presence/absence sampling of mealybugs, ants, and major predators in pineapple". J. Plant Protection in the Tropics 11(1):73–79.
  • Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Beardsley, and H. González-Hernández (2003). "A review of the association of ants with mealybug wilt disease of pineapple". Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 36:9–28.

External links[edit]

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