Pangalliformes

Pangalliformes Temporal range:
Male grey junglefowl, Gallus sonneratii
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Superorder:	Galloanserae
Clade:	Pangalliformes Clarke, 2004
Subgroups
†Austinornis? †Gallinuloididae †Paraortygidae †Quercymegapodiidae †Sylviornithidae ?†Dromornithidae Galliformes
Synonyms
Panphasianiformes Gallimorphae Phasianimorphae

Pangalliformes is the scientific name of a provisional clade of birds within the group Galloanserae. It is defined as all birds more closely related to chickens than to ducks, and includes all modern chickens, turkeys, pheasants, and megapodes, as well as extinct species that do not fall within the crown group Galliformes.

Classification

Galliform-like pangalliformes are represented by extinct families from the Paleogene, namely the Gallinuloididae, Paraortygidae and Quercymegapodiidae. In the early Cenozoic, some additional birds may or may not be early Galliformes, though even if they are, it is rather unlikely that these belong to extant families:

• †Argillipes (London Clay Early Eocene of England)
• †Coturnipes (Early Eocene of England, and Virginia, USA?)
• †Paleophasianus (Willwood Early Eocene of Bighorn County, USA)
• †Percolinus (London Clay Early Eocenee of England)
• †"Palaeorallus" alienus (middle Oligocene of Tatal-Gol, Mongolia)
• †Anisolornis (Santa Cruz Middle Miocene of Karaihen, Argentina)

More recently, it has been discovered that Sylviornis and its sister taxa, Megavitiornis, lay outside the Galliformes crown group. This same study also presents Dromornithidae as possibly closer to Galliformes than to Anseriformes as traditionally expected, though it acknowledges more work to be needed in this field.

Putative Late Cretaceous records

A few fragmentary fossils have been described as pangalliforms from the Late Cretaceous, most notably those of Austinornis lentus. Formerly referred to as Ichthyornis lentus, Graculavus lentus, or Pedioecetes lentus, its partial left tarsometatarsus was found in the Late Cretaceous Austin Chalk near Fort McKinney, Texas. In 2004, Clarke classified it within Pangalliformes rather than true Galliformes, pending further fossil finds. However, other researchers have disputed its classification and dismissed it in phylogenetic analyses due to the fragmentary nature of the holotype. In 2014, Gerald Mayr suggested that Austinornis is an ornithuran from the Coniacian or Santonian age and that the specimen probably belongs to either Apatornis or Iaceornis.

Another specimen, PVPH 237, from the Late Cretaceous Portezuelo Formation (Turonian-Coniacian, about 90 Ma) in the Sierra de Portezuelo (Argentina) has also been suggested to be an early relative of true galliformes, though the study did not specifically classified the specimen as a pangalliform. This is a partial coracoid of a possible neornithine bird, which in its general shape and particularly the wide and deep attachment for the muscle joining the coracoid and the humerus bone resembles the more basal lineages of galliforms.